1) Introduction: Addressing Frequent Wheelset Wear In modern freight rail operations, rising axle loads and long-haul distances are placing unprecedented stress on railway wheelsets. Operators transporting bulk commodities often face accelerated wheel tread wear, uneven flange profiles, and ...
1) Introduction: Operational Stability as a Growing Challenge As freight rail networks expand and operating intensity increases, many wagon operators are facing recurring issues related to running stability, component fatigue, and rising maintenance pressure. In particular, railway bogies operating ...